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Python httplib，smtplib使用方法详解.doc

《Python httplib，smtplib使用方法详解》

在Python编程中，网络通信和邮件发送是常见的需求。Python标准库提供了`httplib`（Python 3中更名为`http.client`）和`smtplib`模块，分别用于HTTP协议交互和SMTP协议邮件发送。本文将详细解析这两个模块的核心功能、使用场景及代码实现，帮助开发者快速掌握网络请求和邮件发送的技巧。

一、httplib（http.client）模块详解

`httplib`是Python 2中的模块名，在Python 3中更名为`http.client`，但功能保持一致。它提供了底层HTTP协议交互的接口，支持发送HTTP/HTTPS请求并获取响应。

1. 模块导入与基础用法

Python 3中需导入`http.client`模块：

import http.client

创建HTTP连接并发送GET请求的示例：

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.status, response.reason)
data = response.read()
print(data.decode())
conn.close()

2. 发送不同HTTP方法请求

（1）GET请求：

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("api.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/data?id=123")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.read().decode())

（2）POST请求（带请求体）：

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("api.example.com")
headers = {"Content-type": "application/json"}
body = '{"name": "John", "age": 30}'
conn.request("POST", "/api", body=body, headers=headers)
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.read().decode())

（3）PUT/DELETE请求：

# PUT请求
conn.request("PUT", "/api/123", body='{"status": "active"}', headers=headers)

# DELETE请求
conn.request("DELETE", "/api/123")

3. 处理响应数据

响应对象包含状态码、原因短语和响应体：

response = conn.getresponse()
print("Status:", response.status)  # 200
print("Reason:", response.reason)  # OK
print("Headers:", response.getheaders())  # [('Content-type', 'text/html'), ...]
print("Body:", response.read().decode())

4. HTTPS与超时设置

使用HTTPS连接时需指定端口443（默认）：

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("secure.example.com", timeout=10)

超时参数`timeout`可避免长时间等待。

5. 完整示例：获取网页内容

import http.client

def fetch_webpage(url):
    try:
        if url.startswith("https://"):
            conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(url[8:])
        else:
            conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(url[7:])
        
        path = "/" if len(url.split("/"))

二、smtplib模块详解

`smtplib`是Python用于发送邮件的标准库模块，支持SMTP协议与邮件服务器交互。

1. 模块导入与基础配置

导入模块并创建SMTP连接：

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header

连接SMTP服务器（以163邮箱为例）：

smtp_server = "smtp.163.com"
smtp_port = 465  # SSL端口
sender = "your_email@163.com"
password = "your_password"  # 或授权码

2. 发送纯文本邮件

创建邮件内容并发送：

def send_text_email(receiver, subject, content):
    message = MIMEText(content, "plain", "utf-8")
    message["From"] = Header(sender)
    message["To"] = Header(receiver)
    message["Subject"] = Header(subject, "utf-8")
    
    try:
        with smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port) as server:
            server.login(sender, password)
            server.sendmail(sender, [receiver], message.as_string())
        print("Email sent successfully!")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Failed to send email: {str(e)}")

调用示例：

send_text_email("recipient@example.com", "Test", "Hello from Python!")

3. 发送HTML格式邮件

修改MIME类型为`html`：

def send_html_email(receiver, subject, html_content):
    message = MIMEText(html_content, "html", "utf-8")
    message["From"] = Header(sender)
    message["To"] = Header(receiver)
    message["Subject"] = Header(subject, "utf-8")
    
    with smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port) as server:
        server.login(sender, password)
        server.sendmail(sender, [receiver], message.as_string())

调用示例：

html_content = """

  
    Hello!
    This is an HTML email.
  

"""
send_html_email("recipient@example.com", "HTML Test", html_content)

4. 发送带附件的邮件

使用`email.mime`模块组合多部分邮件：

from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication

def send_email_with_attachment(receiver, subject, content, file_path):
    message = MIMEMultipart()
    message["From"] = Header(sender)
    message["To"] = Header(receiver)
    message["Subject"] = Header(subject, "utf-8")
    
    # 添加文本部分
    text_part = MIMEText(content, "plain", "utf-8")
    message.attach(text_part)
    
    # 添加附件
    with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
        attachment = MIMEApplication(f.read())
        attachment.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=file_path.split("/")[-1])
        message.attach(attachment)
    
    with smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port) as server:
        server.login(sender, password)
        server.sendmail(sender, [receiver], message.as_string())

调用示例：

send_email_with_attachment(
    "recipient@example.com",
    "Attachment Test",
    "Please find the attached file.",
    "/path/to/file.pdf"
)

5. 使用非SSL端口（如587）

部分邮件服务商（如Gmail）使用587端口并支持STARTTLS：

smtp_port = 587
with smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, smtp_port) as server:
    server.starttls()  # 启用加密
    server.login(sender, password)
    server.sendmail(sender, [receiver], message.as_string())

6. 完整示例：综合邮件发送

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header

def send_comprehensive_email(receiver, subject, text_content, html_content=None, attachments=None):
    message = MIMEMultipart("mixed")  # "mixed"表示混合类型
    message["From"] = Header(sender)
    message["To"] = Header(receiver)
    message["Subject"] = Header(subject, "utf-8")
    
    # 添加文本和HTML部分（alternative类型）
    alternative = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
    alternative.attach(MIMEText(text_content, "plain", "utf-8"))
    if html_content:
        alternative.attach(MIMEText(html_content, "html", "utf-8"))
    message.attach(alternative)
    
    # 添加附件
    if attachments:
        for file_path in attachments:
            with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
                part = MIMEApplication(f.read())
                part.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=file_path.split("/")[-1])
                message.attach(part)
    
    try:
        with smtplib.SMTP_SSL("smtp.163.com", 465) as server:
            server.login(sender, password)
            server.sendmail(sender, [receiver], message.as_string())
        print("Email sent successfully!")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Failed to send email: {str(e)}")

# 调用示例
send_comprehensive_email(
    receiver="recipient@example.com",
    subject="Comprehensive Email",
    text_content="This is a plain text part.",
    html_content="""HTML Part
This is HTML content.""",
    attachments=["/path/to/file1.pdf", "/path/to/file2.txt"]
)

三、常见问题与解决方案

1. httplib连接失败

问题：`ConnectionRefusedError`或超时。
解决：检查目标服务器是否可达，确认URL和端口正确，增加`timeout`参数。

2. smtplib认证失败

问题：`smtplib.SMTPAuthenticationError`。
解决：确认用户名和密码（或授权码）正确，检查是否需要启用SMTP服务（如163邮箱需在设置中开启）。

3. 邮件被标记为垃圾邮件

问题：邮件被拒收或进入垃圾箱。
解决：使用正规的邮件服务商，避免敏感词，设置正确的`From`和`Reply-To`头。

四、总结

`httplib`（`http.client`）和`smtplib`是Python中处理HTTP请求和邮件发送的核心模块。通过本文的详细讲解，开发者可以掌握：

使用`http.client`发送GET/POST/PUT/DELETE请求并处理响应。
通过`smtplib`发送纯文本、HTML和带附件的邮件。
处理HTTPS连接、超时设置和认证问题。

掌握这些技能后，开发者可以轻松实现网页数据抓取、API调用和自动化邮件通知等功能。

关键词：Python、httplib、http.client、smtplib、HTTP请求、邮件发送、SMTP协议、网络编程、附件发送、HTML邮件

简介：本文详细介绍了Python中`httplib`（Python 3为`http.client`）和`smtplib`模块的使用方法，包括HTTP请求的发送与响应处理、纯文本/HTML/带附件邮件的发送技巧，以及常见问题的解决方案，适合需要实现网络通信和邮件发送功能的开发者。

《Python httplib，smtplib使用方法详解.doc》

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